Insulin receptor
Short name=IR
EC=2.7.10.1
Alternative name(s):
CD_antigen=CD220
Cleaved into the following 2 chains:
Insulin receptor subunit alpha
Insulin receptor subunit beta
Gene names
Name: INSR
Function
インスリンの多様な作用を仲介するチロシンキナーゼ型受容体。インスリン結合により多くの細胞内基質（IRS1,2,3,4; SHC, GAB1, CBL etc）をリン酸化する。これらのリン酸化されたタンパク質は、他のシグナル伝達タンパク質のSrc2ドメインで結合する。PI3KやSHP2など。２つの主要なシグナル経路を導く。PI3K-AKT/PKB経路でインスリンの代謝作用を生じるもの、Ras−MAPK経路でPI3Kとも強調して細胞の成長と分化を調節する。PI3Kがリン酸化IRS1にSH2ドメインで結合することにより、脂質のセカンドメッセンジャーとしてPIP3が生じ、PIP3依存性セリントレオニンキナーゼ（PDK1やその下流のPKB/AKT）を活性化する。これにより、グルコーストランスポーターの細胞膜への移動が起こりインスリン作用が現れる。加えてAKT/PKBの活性化は抗アポトーシス効果や、グリコーゲンや脂肪の合成酵素の発現を促進する。
Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. Ref.40 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, Ref.46 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin. Ref.12 Ref.24 Ref.25 Ref.29 Ref.33 Ref.40 Ref.44 Ref.46
Catalytic activity
ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate. Ref.38 Ref.55 Ref.56 Ref.57 Ref.63 Ref.65 Ref.66 Ref.67
Enzyme regulation
Activated in response to insulin. Autophosphorylation activates the kinase activity. PTPN1, PTPRE and PTPRF dephosphorylate important tyrosine residues, thereby reducing INSR activity. Inhibited by ENPP1. GRB10 and GRB14 inhibit the catalytic activity of the INSR, they block access of substrates to the activated receptor. SOCS1 and SOCS3 act as negative regulators of INSR activity, they bind to the activated INRS and interfere with the phosphorylation of INSR substrates. Ref.11 Ref.34 Ref.38 Ref.39 Ref.41
Subunit structure
インスリン結合領域をもつα鎖とキナーゼドメインをもつβ鎖がジスルフィド結合で繋がった４量体。IGFRとハイブリッド受容体を形成する。
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked by disulfide bonds. The alpha chains carry the insulin-binding regions, while the beta chains carry the kinase domain. Forms a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, the hybrid is a tetramer consisting of 1 alpha chain and 1 beta chain of INSR and 1 alpha chain and 1 beta chain of IGF1R. Interacts with SORBS1 but dissociates from it following insulin stimulation. Binds SH2B2. Activated form of INSR interacts (via Tyr-999) with the PTB/PID domains of IRS1 and SHC1. The sequences surrounding the phosphorylated NPXY motif contribute differentially to either IRS1 or SHC1 recognition. Interacts (via tyrosines in the C-terminus) with IRS2 (via PTB domain and 591-786 AA); the 591-786 would be the primary anchor of IRS2 to INSR while the PTB domain would have a stabilizing action on the interaction with INSR. Interacts with the SH2 domains of the 85 kDa regulatory subunit of PI3K (PIK3R1) in vitro, when autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues. Interacts with SOCS7. Interacts (via the phosphorylated Tyr-999), with SOCS3. Interacts (via the phosphorylated Tyr-1185, Tyr-1189, Tyr-1190) with SOCS1. Interacts with CAV2 (tyrosine-phosphorylated form); the interaction is increased with 'Tyr-27'phosphorylation of CAV2 By similarity. Interacts with ARRB2 By similarity. Interacts with GRB10; this interaction blocks the association between IRS1/IRS2 and INSR, significantly reduces insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1 and IRS2 and thus decreases insulin signaling. Interacts with GRB7. Interacts with PDPK1. Interacts (via Tyr-1190) with GRB14 (via BPS domain); this interaction protects the tyrosines in the activation loop from dephosphorylation, but promotes dephosphorylation of Tyr-999, this results in decreased interaction with, and phosphorylation of, IRS1. Interacts (via subunit alpha) with ENPP1 (via 485-599 AA); this interaction blocks autophosphorylation. Interacts with PTPRE; this interaction is dependent of Tyr-1185, Tyr-1189 and Tyr-1190 of the INSR. Interacts with STAT5B (via SH2 domain). Interacts with PTPRF. Ref.11 Ref.25 Ref.26 Ref.27 Ref.29 Ref.30 Ref.31 Ref.34 Ref.36 Ref.37 Ref.39 Ref.41 Ref.43 Ref.44 Ref.59 Ref.63
Subcellular location
Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.
Tissue specificity
Isoform Long and isoform Short are predominantly expressed in tissue targets of insulin metabolic effects: liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle but are also expressed in the peripheral nerve, kidney, pulmonary alveoli, pancreatic acini, placenta vascular endothelium, fibroblasts, monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes and skin. Isoform Short is preferentially expressed in fetal cells such as fetal fibroblasts, muscle, liver and kidney. Found as a hybrid receptor with IGF1R in muscle, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, hepatoma, fibroblasts, spleen and placenta (at protein level). Overexpressed in several tumors, including breast, colon, lung, ovary, and thyroid carcinomas. Ref.15 Ref.28 Ref.32 Ref.33
Domain
The tetrameric insulin receptor binds insulin via non-identical regions from two alpha chains, primarily via the C-terminal region of the first INSR alpha chain. Residues from the leucine-rich N-terminus of the other INSR alpha chain also contribute to this insulin binding site. A secondary insulin-binding site is formed by residues at the junction of fibronectin type-III domain 1 and 2. Ref.50 Ref.61 Ref.69
Post-translational modification
After being transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, the single glycosylated precursor is further glycosylated and then cleaved, followed by its transport to the plasma membrane. Ref.2 Ref.23 Ref.62 Ref.69
Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to insulin. Phosphorylation of Tyr-999 is required for binding to IRS1, SHC1 and STAT5B. Dephosphorylated by PTPRE at Tyr-999, Tyr-1185, Tyr-1189 and Tyr-1190. Dephosphorylated by PTPRF and PTPN1. Dephosphorylated by PTPN2; down-regulates insulin-induced signaling. Ref.15 Ref.17 Ref.22 Ref.31 Ref.35 Ref.42 Ref.45 Ref.55 Ref.57 Ref.58 Ref.59 Ref.60 Ref.63 Ref.64
Involvement in disease
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:262190]: Severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.
Note: The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Ref.75 Ref.76 Ref.96 Ref.110 Ref.114 Ref.118
Leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:246200]: Represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.
Note: The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Ref.71 Ref.72 Ref.76 Ref.81 Ref.84 Ref.93 Ref.94 Ref.98 Ref.100 Ref.102 Ref.104 Ref.107 Ref.108 Ref.109 Ref.114 Ref.115 Ref.116
Diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) [MIM:125853]: A multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis caused by a lack of sensitivity to the body's own insulin. Affected individuals usually have an obese body habitus and manifestations of a metabolic syndrome characterized by diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia. The disease results in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Note: The gene represented in this entry may be involved in disease pathogenesis. Ref.82 Ref.85 Ref.101
Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia 5 (HHF5) [MIM:609968]: Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:256450], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.
Note: The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Ref.117
Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:610549]: Characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.
Note: The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Sequence similarities
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.
Contains 3 fibronectin type-III domains.
Contains 1 protein kinase domain.
